By Cam Nguyen
Radio-Frequency Integrated-Circuit Engineering addresses the idea, research and layout of passive and energetic RFIC's utilizing Si-based CMOS and Bi-CMOS applied sciences, and different non-silicon established applied sciences. The fabrics lined are self-contained and provided in such aspect that permits readers with in basic terms undergraduate electric engineering wisdom in EM, RF, and circuits to appreciate and layout RFICs. equipped into 16 chapters, mixing analog and microwave engineering, Radio-Frequency Integrated-Circuit Engineering emphasizes the microwave engineering process for RFICs.
Provides crucial wisdom in EM and microwave engineering, passive and energetic RFICs, RFIC research and layout innovations, and RF structures very important for RFIC scholars and engineers
Blends analog and microwave engineering ways for RFIC layout at excessive frequencies
Includes difficulties on the finish of every chapter
Table of contents :
PREFACE xvii
1 creation 1
Problems 5
2 basics OF ELECTROMAGNETICS 6
2.1 EM box Parameters 6
2.2 Maxwell’s Equations 7
2.3 Auxiliary kin 8
2.3.1 Constitutive kin 8
2.3.2 present family 9
2.4 Sinusoidal Time-Varying regular country 9
2.5 Boundary stipulations 10
2.5.1 normal Boundary stipulations 11
2.5.2 particular Boundary stipulations 11
2.6 Wave Equations 12
2.7 energy 13
2.8 Loss and Propagation consistent in Medium 14
2.9 pores and skin intensity 16
2.10 floor Impedance 17
Problems 19
3 LUMPED components 20
3.1 basics of Lumped parts 20
3.1.1 uncomplicated Equations 23
3.2 caliber issue of Lumped components 28
3.3 Modeling of Lumped components 30
3.4 Inductors 32
3.4.1 Inductor Configurations 32
3.4.2 Loss in Inductors 36
3.4.3 Equivalent-Circuit versions of Inductors 39
3.4.4 Resonance in Inductors 45
3.4.5 caliber issue of Inductors 46
3.4.6 excessive Q Inductor layout concerns 51
3.5 Lumped-Element Capacitors 60
3.5.1 Capacitor Configurations 60
3.5.2 Equivalent-Circuit versions of Capacitors 63
3.5.3 Resonance 68
3.5.4 caliber issue 69
3.5.5 excessive Q Capacitor layout concerns 71
3.6 Lumped-Element Resistors 72
3.6.1 Resistor Configurations 72
3.6.2 easy Resistor Equations 72
3.6.3 Equivalent-Circuit versions of Resistors 75
References 75
Problems 76
4 TRANSMISSION traces 85
4.1 necessities of Transmission traces 85
4.2 Transmission-Line Equations 86
4.2.1 common Transmission-Line Equations 86
4.2.2 Sinusoidal Steady-State Transmission-Line Equations 91
4.3 Transmission-Line Parameters 93
4.3.1 basic Transmission strains 93
4.3.2 Lossless Transmission strains 96
4.3.3 Low Loss Transmission strains 96
4.4 Per-Unit-Length Parameters R,L,C, and G 97
4.4.1 common formula 97
4.4.2 formula for easy Transmission traces 104
4.5 Dielectric and Conductor Losses in Transmission strains 107
4.5.1 Dielectric Attenuation consistent 108
4.5.2 Conductor Attenuation consistent 109
4.6 Dispersion and Distortion in Transmission traces 111
4.6.1 Dispersion 111
4.6.2 Distortion 111
4.6.3 Distortion-Less Transmission traces 113
4.7 crew pace 115
4.8 Impedance, mirrored image Coefficients, and Standing-Wave Ratios 117
4.8.1 Impedance 117
4.8.2 mirrored image Coefficients 119
4.8.3 Standing-Wave Ratio 120
4.8.4 excellent fit and overall mirrored image 122
4.8.5 Lossless Transmission strains 123
4.9 artificial Transmission strains 126
4.10 Tem and Quasi-Tem Transmission-Line Parameters 128
4.10.1 Static or Quasi-Static research 129
4.10.2 Dynamic research 130
4.11 Printed-Circuit Transmission strains 132
4.11.1 Microstrip Line 133
4.11.2 CoplanarWaveguide 135
4.11.3 Coplanar Strips 138
4.11.4 Strip Line 139
4.11.5 Slot Line 141
4.11.6 box Distributions 142
4.12 Transmission traces in RFICs 144
4.12.1 Microstrip Line 145
4.12.2 CoplanarWaveguide 146
4.12.3 Coplanar Strips 149
4.12.4 Strip Line 149
4.12.5 Slot Line 150
4.12.6 Transitions and Junctions among Transmission traces 150
4.13 Multi-Conductor Transmission strains 152
4.13.1 Transmission-Line Equations 152
4.13.2 Propagation Modes 156
4.13.3 attribute Impedance and Admittance Matrix 157
4.13.4 Mode attribute Impedances and Admittances 159
4.13.5 Impedance and Admittance Matrix 161
4.13.6 Lossless Multiconductor Transmission traces 163
References 173
Problems 174
Appendix four: Transmission-Line Equations Derived From Maxwell’s Equations 182
5 RESONATORS 186
5.1 basics of Resonators 186
5.1.1 Parallel Resonators 187
5.1.2 sequence Resonators 188
5.2 caliber issue 189
5.2.1 Parallel Resonators 190
5.2.2 sequence Resonators 193
5.2.3 Unloaded caliber issue 195
5.2.4 Loaded caliber issue 195
5.2.5 assessment of and Relation among Unloaded and Loaded caliber components 198
5.3 allotted Resonators 205
5.3.1 Quality-Factor features 206
5.3.2 Transmission-Line Resonators 207
5.3.3 Waveguide hollow space Resonators 216
5.4 Resonator’s Slope Parameters 231
5.5 Transformation of Resonators 231
5.5.1 Impedance and Admittance Inverters 231
5.5.2 Examples of Resonator Transformation 236
References 237
Problems 238
6 IMPEDANCE MATCHING 244
6.1 simple Impedance Matching 244
6.1.1 Smith Chart 244
6.2 layout of Impedance-Matching Networks 248
6.2.1 Impedance-Matching community Topologies 249
6.2.2 Impedance Transformation via sequence and Shunt Inductor and Capacitor 249
6.2.3 Examples of Impedance-Matching community layout 252
6.2.4 Transmission-Line Impedance-Matching Networks 255
6.3 Kuroda Identities 262
References 266
Problems 266
7 SCATTERING PARAMETERS 271
7.1 Multiport Networks 271
7.2 Impedance Matrix 273
7.3 Admittance Matrix 274
7.4 Impedance and Admittance Matrix in RF Circuit research 274
7.4.1 T-Network illustration of Two-Port RF Circuits 275
7.4.2 π-Network illustration of Two-Port RF Circuits 278
7.5 Scattering Matrix 279
7.5.1 basics of Scattering Matrix 279
7.5.2 Examples for Scattering Parameters 287
7.5.3 impact of Reference-Plane switch on Scattering Matrix 288
7.5.4 go back Loss, Insertion Loss, and achieve 290
7.6 Chain Matrix 293
7.7 Scattering Transmission Matrix 294
7.8 Conversion among Two-Port Parameters 295
7.8.1 Conversion from [Z] to [ABCD] 295
References 298
Problems 298
8 RF PASSIVE parts 304
8.1 features of Multiport RF Passive elements 304
8.1.1 features of Three-Port parts 304
8.1.2 features of Four-Port elements 309
8.2 Directional Couplers 311
8.2.1 basics of Directional Couplers 311
8.2.2 Parallel-Coupled Directional Couplers 313
8.3 Hybrids 326
8.3.1 Hybrid T 326
8.3.2 Ring Hybrid 328
8.3.3 Branch-Line Coupler 335
8.4 strength Dividers 339
8.4.1 Even-Mode research 340
8.4.2 Odd-Mode research 342
8.4.3 Superimposition of Even and extraordinary Modes 343
8.5 Filters 345
8.5.1 Low cross filter out 345
8.5.2 excessive cross clear out layout 357
8.5.3 Band-Pass filter out layout 359
8.5.4 Band-Stop clear out layout 361
8.5.5 filter out layout utilizing Impedance and Admittance Inverters 364
References 371
Problems 372
9 basics OF CMOS TRANSISTORS FOR RFIC layout 379
9.1 MOSFET fundamentals 379
9.1.1 MOSFET constitution 379
9.1.2 MOSFET Operation 382
9.2 MOSFET types 386
9.2.1 Physics-Based versions 387
9.2.2 Empirical versions 387
9.2.3 SPICE types 402
9.2.4 Passive MOSFET versions 404
9.3 vital MOSFET Frquencies 407
9.3.1 toes 408
9.3.2 fmax 408
9.4 different vital MOSFET Parameters 409
9.5 Varactor Diodes 409
9.5.1 Varactor constitution and Operation 409
9.5.2 Varactor version and features 410
References 412
Problems 412
10 balance 418
10.1 basics of balance 418
10.2 selection of strong and volatile areas 421
10.3 balance attention for N-Port Circuits 427
References 427
Problems 428
11 AMPLIFIERS 430
11.1 basics of Amplifier layout 430
11.1.1 strength achieve 430
11.1.2 achieve layout 433
11.2 Low Noise Amplifiers 443
11.2.1 Noise determine basics 443
11.2.2 MOSFET Noise Parameters 446
11.2.3 Noise determine of Multistage Amplifiers 447
11.2.4 Noise-Figure layout 448
11.2.5 layout for achieve and Noise determine 450
11.3 layout Examples 451
11.3.1 Unilateral Amplifier layout 451
11.3.2 Bilateral Amplifier layout 454
11.4 strength Amplifiers 455
11.4.1 Power-Amplifier Parameters 455
11.4.2 Power-Amplifier varieties 458
11.5 Balanced Amplifiers 470
11.5.1 Differential Amplifiers 470
11.5.2 Ninety-Degree Balanced Amplifiers 485
11.5.3 Push–Pull Amplifiers 487
11.6 Broadband Amplifiers 489
11.6.1 Compensated Matching Networks 489
11.6.2 dispensed Amplifiers 490
11.6.3 suggestions Amplifiers 523
11.6.4 Cascoded Common-Source Amplifiers 540
11.7 present Mirrors 548
11.7.1 easy present replicate 550
11.7.2 Cascode present replicate 550
References 552
Problems 553
A11.1 basics of sign stream Graph 563
A11.2 sign move Graph of Two-Port Networks 563
A11.2.1 Transistor’s sign circulate Graph 563
A11.2.2 enter Matching Network’s sign move Graph 564
A11.2.3 Output Matching Network’s sign stream Graph 565
A11.2.4 sign circulate Graph of the Composite Two-Port community 566
A11.3 Derivation of Network’s Parameters utilizing sign move Graphs 566
A11.3.1 Examples of Derivation 567
A11.3.2 Derivation of mirrored image Coefficients and tool achieve 568
References 571
12 OSCILLATORS 572
12.1 precept of Oscillation 572
12.1.1 Oscillation stipulations 573
12.1.2 Oscillation selection 574
12.2 basics of Oscillator layout 575
12.2.1 simple Oscillators 576
12.2.2 suggestions Oscillators 579
12.3 part Noise 587
12.3.1 basics of section Noise 588
12.3.2 section Noise Modeling 593
12.3.3 Low Phase-Noise layout attention 599
12.3.4 results of section Noise on platforms 599
12.3.5 research instance of results of part Noise 601
12.4 Oscillator Circuits 602
12.4.1 Cross-Coupled Oscillators 602
12.4.2 disbursed Oscillators 612
12.4.3 Push-Push Oscillators 617
References 626
Problems 627
13 MIXERS 633
13.1 basics of Mixers 633
13.1.1 blending precept 633
13.1.2 Mixer Parameters 636
13.2 Mixer kinds 641
13.2.1 Single-Ended Mixer 642
13.2.2 Single-Balanced Mixer 642
13.2.3 Double-Balanced Mixer 646
13.2.4 Doubly Double-Balanced Mixer 649
13.3 different Mixers 650
13.3.1 Passive Mixer 650
13.3.2 Image-Reject Mixer 651
13.3.3 Quadrature Mixer 652
13.3.4 allotted Mixer 652
13.4 Mixer research and layout 656
13.4.1 Switching Mixer primary 656
13.4.2 Single-Ended Mixer 658
13.4.3 Single-Balanced Mixer 661
13.4.4 Double-Balanced Mixer 663
13.4.5 resource Degeneration in Mixer layout 665
13.5 Sampling Mixer 667
13.5.1 basics of Sampling 668
13.5.2 Sampling idea 669
13.5.3 Sampling technique 670
13.5.4 pattern and carry 673
13.5.5 Sampling swap 678
13.5.6 built-in Sampling Mixer 678
References 689
Problems 690
14 SWITCHES 694
14.1 basics of Switches 694
14.1.1 swap Operation 694
14.1.2 very important Parameters 695
14.2 research of Switching MOSFET 697
14.2.1 research of Shunt Transistor 697
14.2.2 research of sequence Transistor 698
14.2.3 research of mixed sequence and Shunt Transistors 699
14.2.4 number of MOSFET 699
14.2.5 layout attention for more desirable Insertion Loss and Isolation 701
14.3 SPST Switches 702
14.3.1 SPST swap utilizing Parallel MOSFETs 702
14.3.2 SPST swap utilizing sequence MOSFETs 703
14.3.3 SPST change utilising sequence and Shunt MOSFETs 703
14.3.4 SPST change utilizing Impedance or Admittance Inverters 703
14.4 SPDT Switches 712
14.4.1 SPDT change Topologies 712
14.4.2 SPDT swap research 713
14.5 Ultra-Wideband Switches 714
14.5.1 Ultra-Wideband SPST swap 715
14.5.2 Ultra-Wideband T/R swap 721
14.6 Ultra-High-Isolation Switches 727
14.6.1 Ultra-High-Isolation change structure and research 727
14.6.2 Ultra-High-Isolation SPST swap layout 733
14.7 filter out Switches 737
References 739
Problems 739
15 RFIC SIMULATION, structure, AND try out 747
15.1 RFIC Simulation 748
15.1.1 DC Simulation 749
15.1.2 Small-Signal AC Simulation 749
15.1.3 temporary Simulation 749
15.1.4 Periodic regular nation Simulation 749
15.1.5 Harmonic-Balance Simulation 750
15.1.6 Periodic Distortion research 751
15.1.7 Envelope Simulation 751
15.1.8 Periodic Small sign research 751
15.1.9 EM Simulation 751
15.1.10 Statistical and Mismatch Simulation 754
15.2 RFIC format 754
15.2.1 basic structure concerns 754
15.2.2 Passive and energetic part structure 755
15.3 RFIC size 758
15.3.1 On-Wafer size 759
15.3.2 Off-Chip dimension 782
References 784
Problems 784
16 platforms 788
16.1 basics of structures 788
16.1.1 Friis Transmission Equation 788
16.1.2 approach Equation 790
16.1.3 Signal-to-Noise Ratio of process 791
16.1.4 Receiver Sensitivity 793
16.1.5 method functionality issue 794
16.1.6 strength 796
16.1.7 attitude and variety solution 797
16.1.8 diversity Accuracy 800
16.2 approach kind 801
16.2.1 Pulse procedure 801
16.2.2 FMCW approach 803
16.2.3 Receiver Architectures 808
References 826
Problems 826
APPENDIX: RFIC layout instance: MIXER 830
A1.1 Circuit layout necessities and normal layout details 830
A1.2 Mixer layout 830
A1.2.1 Single-Ended to Differential enter lively Balun 832
A1.2.2 Double-Balanced Gilbert phone 832
A1.2.3 Differential to Single-Ended Output lively Balun 834
A1.2.4 Band-Pass clear out 834
A1.3 Mixer Optimization and structure 835
A1.4 Simulation effects 836
A1.4.1 balance 836
1.4.2 go back Loss 836
A1.4.3 Conversion achieve 836
A1.4.4 Noise determine 837
1.4.5 different Mixer functionality 837
A1.5 Measured effects 838
References 840
INDEX 841